What is one method plants use to resist herbivory?

Plants have evolved various strategies to resist herbivory, and one significant method is the development of specialized structures and the production of toxic metabolites. Many plant species have physical adaptations such as thorns, spines, or even toughened leaves that deter herbivores from feeding on them. These structures can make it physically challenging for animals to graze or browse, providing a mechanical defense.

In addition to these physical adaptations, many plants produce chemical compounds that can be toxic or unpalatable to herbivores. These metabolites, known as secondary metabolites, include alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides, which can deter animals from eating them or can cause negative physiological effects if ingested. By employing both physical and chemical defenses, plants can effectively lower the likelihood of being consumed, ensuring their survival and reproduction in ecosystems where herbivory is a significant pressure.